This learning expedition explores the distinct features of Japanese human resource management, such as lifetime employment and seniority-based wages, in the context of Japan’s pressing demographic challenges. With super-low fertility rates and a rapidly aging population, the sustainability of these traditional HR practices poses significant challenges. Participants will engage in lectures, hear from guest speakers, and attend site visits to learn how companies and policymakers are responding to these trends. A key focus will be on strategies to increase labor force participation among underrepresented groups, particularly women and foreign workers. As Japan seeks to encourage more women into the labor force, and to expand the participation of foreign workers, participants will gain a better understanding of the barriers as well as reforms needed to create a more inclusive and sustainable labor market. Population aging and declining fertility are not unique to Japan. Using Japan as a case study, the program will provide valuable lessons about how HR systems can adapt (or not) in countries facing similar demographic transitions.